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이 작품은 구약성서 사사기 4장과 5장에 등장하는 드보라를 소재로한 오라토리오로서 헨델의 오라토리오작품중에는 초기인 1733년 발표된 작품으로 본격적으로 오라토리오를 작곡한 것은 1730년대 후반에서 1740년대이고 메시아는 1742년도에 작곡되었습니다.
오페라로 명성을 얻은 헨델이었으나 경쟁이 과다하여 유명가수들의 초빙이 어려워졌고 영국인들의 민족주의 오페라가 등장하면서 사양길로 접어들었습니다. 또한 Pepush와 Gry가 만든 영국 발라드풍의 오페라가 61번이나 재공연 될 만큼 성공을 거둔것도 헨델에게는 큰 타격이었고 이 후 오페라작곡을 중단하고 오라토라오에 노력을 기울이게 됩니다. 헨델은 오라토리오에 합창을 많이 썼고, 그 활용도도 성격이 다양한 것은 유명가수들의 초빙이 어려운 것을 감안한 것으로 보여집니다.
드보라의 이야기는 여호수아가 죽은 후 이스라엘은 후대에 이르러 우상을 숭배하며 악을 행하여 이스라엘 민족들을 이방인의 침략을 당하게 하고 그 때 마다 사사들이 등장하여 이스라엘민족을 구하게 됩니다. 최초의 사사 옷니엘과 두번째 사사 에훗 후에 이스라엘자손이 또 여호와의 목전에서 악을 행하자 여호와께서 가나안 왕 야빈으로 침략을 하게 하고 십년동안 학대를 하게합니다. 이에 이스라엘 자손이 여호와께 부르짖어 용서를 구하자 드보라를 사사로 세우고 드보라는 아비노암의 아들 바락을 불러 야빈을 물리치는 내용입니다.
1. Overture
Scene 1
Deborah, Barak, Israelites, Officers, and Chorus of Israelite Priests.
2. Chorus of Israelites
Immortal Lord of earth and skies,
Whose wonders all around us rise,
Whose anger, when it awful glows,
To swift perdition dooms thy foes;
Oh, grant a leader to our host,
Whose name, with honour, we may boast,
Whose conduct may our cause maintain,
And break our proud oppressors' chain.
3. Recitative
Deborah
O Barak, favour'd of the skies,
O son of Abinoam, rise!
Heav'n by thy arm his people saves,
And dooms our tyrants for our slaves.
Barak
O Deborah, with wise prediction blest,
To whom futurity stands forth confest,
Will Heav'n on me a gift so great bestow,
And grace the meanest of his servants so?
4. Duet
Barak
Where do thy ardours raise me?
How shall I soar to fame?
Shall then my conduct praise me,
And thus adorn my name?
Deborah
Trust in the God that fires thee,
To vindicate his laws;
Act now as he inspires thee,
Thou shalt revive our cause.
5. Chorus of Israelites
Forbear thy doubts! To arms, away!
Thy God commands; do thou obey.
6. Recitative
Barak
Since Heav'n has thus his will express'd,
Submission, now, becomes me best;
But ere we stand in arms array'd,
O Prophetess, implore his aid,
And let uniting Judah join
To supplicate the pow'r divine.
7. Soli and Chorus
For ever to the voice of pray'r
Jehovah lends a gracious ear.
8. Accompagnato
Deborah
By that adorable decree,
That chaos cloth'd with symmetry;
By that resistless pow'r that made
Refulgent brightness start from shade,
That still'd contending atoms' strife,
And spake creation into life;
O thou supreme, transcendent Lord,
Thy succours to our cries accord.
9. Chorus of Israelites
Oh, hear thy lowly servants' pray'r,
And grant them thy propitious care.
10. Recitative
Deborah
Ye sons of Israel, cease your fears,
Jehovah your petition hears:
The impious chief of Canaan's host,
Who made our fall his daring boast,
Shall perish on the crimson sand,
Ignobly by a woman's hand.
11. Chorus of Israelites
Oh blast, with thy tremendous brow,
The tyrants that insult us now.
12. Recitative
Barak To whomsoe'er his fate the tyrant owes,
My breast no pangs of pining envy knows.
Thy lovely sex, O Deborah, may claim
Equal prerogative with man in fame;
And none, but savage breasts alone,
That charming merit can disown.
13. Air
Barak
How lovely is the blooming fair,
Whose beauty virtue's laws refine,
She well may claim our softest care,
For sure she almost seems divine.
Scene 2
Enter Jael.
14. Recitative
Jael O Deborah! Where'er I turn my eyes,
Grim scenes of war, in all their horrors, rise.
Oh, grant me in my green retreat,
Where solitude has fix'd her seat,
To live in peace, sequester'd far,
From dire alarms and sanguine war.
Deborah
Hear me then, Jael! Let no fear
Of proud hostility thy peace impair;
For Heav'n has made thee its peculiar care.
Thy virtue, ere the close of day,
Shall shine with such a bright display,
That thou shalt be, by all, confess'd
Thy sex's pride, divinely bless'd.
15. Air
Deborah
Choirs of angels, all around thee,
Lest oppression should confound thee,
Watchful wait in radiant throngs;
Judah's God, array'd in splendour,
Deigns to be thy great defender
From all meditated wrongs.
Choirs of angels. . . da capo
16. Recitative
Jael
My transports are too great to tell;
On the dear theme I could for ever dwell.
God does not only condescend
My life from danger to defend,
But keeps for me such joys in store,
Ambition could not ask for more.
17. Air
Jael
To joy He brightens my despair,
No rising pangs my peace control;
He guards me with a father's care,
And pours His mercy on my soul.
To joy. . . da capo
Scene 3
Abiboam, Deborah, Barak and Chorus.
18. Recitative
Abinoam
Barak, my son, the joyful sound
Of acclamations all around,
Gives me to know the glorious weight of cares
God for thy fortitude prepares.
Swift may thy virtue Judah's hopes outrun,
And make thy father boast of such a son!
19. Air
Abinoam
Awake the ardour of thy breast,
For victory, or death, prepare;
Let all thy virtue shine confess'd,
And leave the rest to Heav'n's care.
Should conquest crown thee in the field,
Be humble, or if death's thy doom,
Thy life with resignation yield,
And crowds will envy thee thy tomb.
Awake the ardour. . . da capo
20. Recitative
Barak
I go where Heav'n and duty call,
Prepar'd to conquer, or to fall.
21. Air
Barak
All danger disdaining,
For battle I glow;
Thy glory maintaining,
I'll rush on the foe.
Though death all around me
Stalks dreadfully pale,
No fear shall counfound me,
My cause shall prevail.
All danger. . . da capo
22. Chorus of Israelites
Let thy deeds by glorious,
And thy hand victorious.
Scene 4
Enter Herald from the camp of Sisera.
23. Recitative
Herald
My charge is to declare
From Sisera, a name renown'd in war,
That he with indignation knows
How you presume to be his foes:
Yet such compassion in his bosom reigns,
That ere he galls ye with redoubled chains,
He condescends to offer these your chiefs
An interview, that he may learn your griefs;
And the sad waste of human blood to save,
Will grant you all that slaves may dare to crave.
24. Air
Barak
Proud infidels! Go, let the boaster hear
He breathes no wrath we condescend to fear.
Tell him, besides, that Judah now prepares
For interview, or battle, as he dares.
Exit Herald.
Scene 5
Deborah, Barak, Abinoam and Chorus.
25. Recitative
Deborah
Let him approach pacific or in rage,
We in the cause of liberty engage.
Barak
Whilst that bright motive in our bosom glows,
We dread no menace, and we shun no foes.
26. Recitative
27. Air
Cease, O Judah, cease thy mourning
28. Chorus
Despair all around them,
Shall swiftly counfound them,
Whilst transports of joy
Our praise shall employ.
29. Chorus
Allelujah!
Scene 1
Deborah, Barak, Abinoam, Jael, Israelite Women,
Chorus of Israelite Priests, and Sisera attended
by a Chorus of the Priests of Baal.
1. Chorus of Israelites
See, the proud chief advances now,
With sullen march and gloomy brow;
Jacob, arise, assert thy God,
And scorn oppression's iron rod.
Enter Sisera. Scene 2
2. Recitative
Sisera
That here rebellious arms I see,
Proud Deborah, proceeds from thee!
But, wouldst thou yet thy vain ambition cease,
Whilst our affronted mercy offers peace,
Bow down submissive, ere th'impending blow
Lays thee, and all thy lost associates, low.
3. Air
Sisera
At my feet extended low,
Favour by thy tears engage;
Or thou soon shalt, trembling, know
Slighted mercy turns to rage.
4. Recitative
Deborah
Go frown, barbarian,
Where thou art fear'd:
None but our God is here rever'd;
Our breasts his inspiration warms,
To vindicate our cause by arms;
And, to thy ruin, thou shalt know
What 'tis to find that God thy foe.
5. Air - In Jehova's awful sigh
Deborah
In Jehovah's awful sight,
Haughty tyrants are but dust;
Those who glory in their might,
Place in vanity their trust.
6. Recitative
Sisera
Yes, how your God in wonders can excel,
Your low captivity demonstrates well.
7. Air - Whilst you boast the wondrous...
Sisera
Whilst you boast the wondrous story
Of your God's transcendent glory,
Has he free'd you from our chain?
Think, oh think, to your confusion,
All you trust in is illusion,
All your flatt'ring hopes are vain.
8. Air - Impious mortal, cease to brave us
Barak
Impious mortal, cease to brave us!
Great Jehovah soon will save us,
And his time we wait with pleasure;
All his people he'll defend,
And on their oppressors send
Plagues and vengeance without measure.
9. Recitative
Chief Priest of Baal
Behold the nations all around,
What God like Baal is renown'd?
To him your stubborn tribes would bow,
Did but the slaves their duty know.
10. Chorus of Baal's Priests
O Baal, monarch of the skies!
To whom unnumber'd temples rise;
From thee the sun, immensely bright,
Receiv'd his radiant robes of light;
By thee with stars the heavens glow,
The ocean swells and rivers flow;
The vales with verdure are array'd,
The flow'rs perfume the thickets's shade;
And 'tis by the event confess'd
Thy votaries alone are bless'd.
11. Recitative
Chief Priest of the Israelites
No more, ye infidels, no more!
False is the god whom ye adore;
A dull brute idol, whose detested shrine
None but such wretches can believe divine.
12. Chorus of Israelites
Lord of Eternity, who hast in store
Plagues for the proud, and mercy for the poor;
Look down, look down from thy celestial throne,
And let the terrors of thy wrath be known!
13. Chorus of Israelites
Plead thy just cause, thy awful pow'r disclose,
Avenge thy servants, and confound their foes.
14. Recitative
Deborah
(to Sisera and his followers)
By His great name, and His alone,
Whose deity you dare disown,
Whose kindled wrath ye soon shall know
Will prove him a tremendous foe,
Fly, I conjure ye, from this place,
Too sacred for a throng so base.
Sisera
We go, but ye shall quickly mourn,
In tears of blood, our dire return.
15. Soloists and Chorus
Deborah
All your boast will end in woe.
Sisera
Farewell, despicable foe.
Baal's Priest
Mighty Baal's aid we crave.
Barak
Baal has no pow'r to save.
Baal's Priests
Baal's pow'r ye soon shall know.
Israelites
Poor deluded mortals, go!
Exeunt Sisera and Priests of Baal.
16. Recitative
Barak
Great prophetess, my soul's on fire
To execute the ardours you inspire;
O that the fight were now begun!
My father should not blush to call me son.
17. Air
Barak
In the battle, fame pursuing,
We'll with slaughter float the plains;
And our tyrants, low in ruin,
Soon shall wear their captives' chains.
In the battle. . . da capo
18. Recitative
Abinoam
Thy ardours warm the winter of my age,
Its weakness strengthen and its pains assuage;
And well dost thou our impious foes deride,
Justice is thine, and God is on thy side.
19. Air
Abinoam
Swift inundation
Of desolation
Pour on the nation
Of Judah's foes;
Can fame delight thee,
Can Heav'n incite thee,
They now invite thee
To end our woes.
Swift. . . da capo
20. Recitative
Israelite Woman
O Judah, with what joy I see
The blessings Heav'n preserves for thee.
21. Air
Israelite Woman
No more disconsolate I'll mourn,
No more sad sackcloth wear;
From chains to freedom we return,
To transport from despair.
22. Recitative
Deborah
Now, Jael, to thy tent retire,
Our bosoms for the battle fire;
But know, thy solitude will thee supply
With glory that shall never die.
23. Air
Jael
Oh, the pleasure my soul is possessing
At the prospect of mercies so dear.
May my bosom be ever expressing
With what raptures my God I revere.
Oh, the pleasure. . . da capo
24. Recitative
Deborah
Barak, we now to battle go,
And rush with ruin on the foe.
25. Duet
Deborah
Smiling freedom, lovely guest,
Balmy source of softest joy,
Mortals by thy aid are blest
With such charms that never cloy.
Barak
Thy dear presence to obtain,
Sweetly smoothing ev'ry care,
Who would dread the hostile plain,
Who each danger would not dare?
26. Chorus of Israelites
The great King of kings will aid us today;
His praises let all with transport display.
Scene 1
Enter Deborah and Barak with the victorious army
of the Israelites, return'd from the pursuit of the Canaanites,
and attended with the Israelite Women.
Chorus of Israelite Priests, and captives,
among whom are the Priests of Baal.
1. Part III: A military symphony
2. Chorus of the Israelites
Now the proud insulting foe
Prostrate on the ground lies low;
Broken chariots, hills of slain,
Load the wide, extended plain.
3. Recitative
Israelite Woman
The haughty foe, whose pride to Heav'n did soar,
Is fall'n, is fall'n, and Canaan is no more.
4. Air
Israelite Woman
Now sweetly smiling peace descends,
And waves her downy wings;
Each blessing in her train attends,
Each joy around her springs.
Scene 2
To them Abinoam.
5. Recitative
Abinoam
My pray'rs are heard, the blessings of this day
All my past cares and anguish well repay;
The soldiers to each other tell
My Barak has perform'd his duty well.
Barak
My honour'd father.
Abinoam
O my son, my son,
Well has thy youth the race of honour run.
6. Air
Abinoam
Tears, such as tender fathers shed,
Warm from my aged eyes descend,
For joy to think, when I am dead,
My son shall have mankind his friend.
Scene 3
To them Jael.
7. Recitative
Jael
O Deborah, my fears are o'er;
Proud Sisera is now no more.
8. Air
Hark! Hark! Hark! His thunders...
9. Chorus of Baal's Priests
Doleful tidings, how ye wound;
Despair and death are in that sound.
10. Air
Israelite Woman
Our fears are now for ever fled,
Our eyes no more shall flow;
Swift vengeance has laid low the head
Of our imperious foe.
11. Recitative
Barak
I saw the tyrant breathless in her tent,
Her arm his soul to endless darkness sent.
But see, the glad assembly wait to know
How thou didst rid them of so fierce a foe.
Already hast thou told it me,
But the relation will please more from thee.
Jael
When from the battle that proud captain fled,
Vengeance divine to my pavilion led
The trembling fugitive; who, pale with care,
Besought me, panting, to conceal him there;
With flaming thirst, and anguish in his look,
He ask'd for water from the limpid brook;
But milk I gave him in a copious bowl;
With ecstacy he quaff'd, and cooled his soul,
And then, with his laborious flight opprest,
In some few moments he sunk down to rest.
Then I was conscious, Heav'n, that happy hour
Had placed the foe of Judah in my pow'r:
The workman's hammer and a nail I seized,
And whilst his limbs in deep repose he eas'd,
I through his bursting temples forc'd the wound,
And rivetted the tyrant to the ground.
12. Air
Jael
Tyrant, now no more we dread thee,
All thy insolence is o'er;
Justice to thy ruin led thee;
Thou art fall'n to rise no more.
Tyrant. . . da capo
13. Recitative
Deborah
If, Jael, I aright divine
, When men hereafter would proclaim
All that is noble by one name,
O Jael, they will mention thine.
14. Air
Deborah
The glorious sun shall cease to shed
His beamy treasure from the skies;
And merit shall be virtues's dread
Whene'er thy bless'd memorial dies.
15. Recitative
Barak
May Heav'n, with kind profusion, shed
Its chosen joys on Jael's head.
16. Air
Barak
Low at her feet he bow'd, he fell,
And laid in dust his haughty head;
And late posterity shall tell
That where he bowed, he fell down dead.
17. Accompagnato
Deborah
O great Jehovah! May Thy foes
Thus perish, who Thy laws oppose.
But oh, let all who love Thy praise,
And dedicate to Thee their days,
Shine like the sun, divinely bright,
When forth he marches in his might,
To run his radiant race of light.
18. Symphony
19. Chorus of Israelites
Let our glad songs to Heav'n ascend,
For Judah's God is Judah's friend.
Oh, celebrate his sacred name,
With gratitude his praise proclaim.
Hallelujah! |